Patterns in Medicinal Advertising Essay Example For Students

Examples in Medicinal Advertising Essay One of the most inventive patterns in print publicizing is medication commercial. The substance of these specific promotions (advertisements) are fascinating to me. I expect to dissect five restorative promotions to discover the devices utilized by sponsors and to investigate the positive and negative parts of publicizing medication through print advertisements for people in general. The individuals who create advertisements to showcase physician recommended medication items must have a notion of what the peruser needs to see. For example, the advertisements in a child rearing magazine regularly target moms. The advertisements in a games magazine predominately target competitors. How do the publicists comprehend what the peruser will react to?Patterns are devices that help us to limit our deduction down and put considerations into classifications that we relate to. Examples permit us to store data in squares so we don't need to relearn data that has just been educated. A few examples are widespread and a great many people have a few classifications or examples that others have. A case of a general human example is utilizing language to impart. Different examples that we have, might be gotten from our own understanding and dissimilar to those of others. Examples are valuable in promoting on the grounds that sponsors can focus on their peruser by taking advantage o f explicit classifications. Discernment is a people comprehension of the data they get. Contingent upon their experience or their understanding they will arrange their observation and thus it will end up being an idea design. For example when an individual converses with a minister their impression of him might be that he is great or doesn't sin. They may order all clerics along these lines and not judge them in the manner that they would any individual who isn't a minister. I feel that examples and discernment work connected at the hip. Some of the time designs are shaped dependent on discernment, once in a while observation depends on an example. What started things out the chicken or the egg? Im not exactly sure, however I do realize they influence one another. Promotions are structured by utilizing designs that focus on a particular crowd. The perusers impression of the item may frame only dependent on the promotion. The examples that I saw explicitly among the five medication promotions that Ive picked to examine is the advancement impact. In one promotion there was a lady with her kid and they were getting through glass. Another promotion included a lady and her kid with clear blue skies getting through the mists above. The third promotion has a man skiing through a pile of wild blossoms. The idea of getting through something with a grin is fairly promising and alluring. In this way a peruser may see this medication as energizing so they may approach their primary care physician for this sort as opposed to another thoughtful that has been helpful to them previously. The idea of thoughtlessly skiing over wildflowers is additionally energizing and outwardly euphoric. The shading utilized in the promotions is spellbinding. One promotion has a nightfall with the hues making a casual inclination. Earthy colored is appears to set an example as a counterbalance shading in four of the five advertisements. Sky blue is additionally utilized, it looks inspiring and liberating. Another example that I saw is the utilization of ideal youngsters in the advertisements. These youngsters don't have a hair strange or a spot of earth on their apparel. Both the moms and the youngsters in the advertisements are grinning and apparently loose. As it were a people view of the item could be that taking this medication would make perfect, loosening up family agreement. The advertisements likewise propose calling a complementary number to get a coupon or endless supply of their item. This is an awesome method to get the perusers consideration, as a great many people react to value decreases whether they know the item or not. There is additionally an example of posting how frequently a day the medication should be regulated. These advertisements have reference to the effect in dose between different medications when contrasted with theirs. They center around the accommodation of taking the medication. .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 , .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 .postImageUrl , .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 , .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181:hover , .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181:visited , .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181:active { border:0!important; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181:active , .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf296370247f44c2d55 d6302aedc0d181 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf296370247f44c2d55d6302aedc0d181:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Chemical Engineer EssayAll five of my promotions list the conceivable symptoms and teratogens just as hurtful medication cooperations on the posterior of the advertisement in fine print. This data certainly doesn't catch the perusers eye as the image on the front does. The sponsors probably expect that the image alone will sell their item. A portion of the promotions do list conceivable reactions on the facade of the advertisement in little print too. It is obvious to me that the sponsors have a view of how the examples will impact the peruser. The perusers view of the medication depends simply on what the eye can see. They cannot feel, taste, smell or test the medication from taking a gander at a notice. In this way their view of the advertisement has literally nothing to do with the genuine item and its viability or incapability. Physician endorsed medication isn't something that ought to be picked precipitously or without investigating the item. In many cases the medication can be endorsed by a specialist dependent on the patients demand. The patient in all likelihood doesn't think enough about the medication on the off chance that they are mentioning it dependent on the commercial. Tragically promoters go to such lengths to sell items. It is similarly appalling that individuals react to the commercials dependent on an image or an inclination that they get in light of the introduction. The explanation that I feel that its shocking is on the grounds that physician recommended medications can be hurtful if not paid attention to and with alert. In the event that an item can't be sold in a store, via mail, or in a list without a specialists remedy does itbelong as a notice in a magazine? I accept this is a to some degree questionable issue between pharmaceutical organizations and specialists who are awkward with overexposing medications by utilizing catchphrases or visual boost. It sabotages the significance of a specialists job in diagnosing and rewarding people. The positive parts of promoting medication in magazines are valuable to the pharmaceutical organizations particularly. They make appeal to their item by utilizing examples to intrigue the peruser and consequently the peruser is bound to demand their medication subsequently. This advantages the deals and reputation of the item. The one positive way that this type of publicizing can profit the peruser is in the event that they have a current issue and they dont know theres a treatment for it. It could open an entryway for the peruser to contact their primary care physician about it. It is obvious to me that the promoters utilize numerous examples dependent on their recognition and what they expect will be the view of the peruser. The promoters must have enough data on what explicit examples the peruser will react to on the grounds that they work admirably of catching the perusers consideration. Regardless of my restriction of publicizing medication along these lines, it is intriguing to have found the devices utilized in doing as such.

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour

Word check †2553 Describe and assess two ways to deal with the treatment of reckless conduct. Module Five Jane Ovington May 2012 Jane Ovington †Chrysalis North2A †Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 1 of 9 Introduction This article means to portray and assess two ways to deal with the treatment of foolish conduct. To do this I am utilizing the portrayal of Anorexia Nervosa as a reckless conduct, one which has sweeping consequences.I will incorporate potential sources, causes and upkeep of Anorexia and depict two of numerous manners by which an advisor may help with this condition while weighing up the qualities and shortcomings of each. Primary exposition What is pointless conduct? Pointless conduct could be depicted as conduct that when contrasted with other potential approaches, it is never the most ideal activity for that person. A foolish conduct will eventually have been utilized effectively as an adapting procedure to overcome a troublesome situation.This game-plan is the n put away in the subliminal by that person as something that ‘worked’ and along these lines the conduct will be re-delivered again in a difficult situation. The pointless conduct will by its very nature really serve to guarantee that the dread or result that the individual is attempting to keep away from will in truth happen. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module5) What is Anorexia? Anorexia is a dietary problem whose fundamental element is inordinate weight reduction and over the top exercise.A low weight is accomplished which is then kept up unusually low for the patients age and tallness. The victim builds up an extraordinary want to be more slender and a serious dread of getting fat. Their self-perception turns out to be totally twisted and their body weight and shape become the fundamental or even sole proportion of self-esteem as keeping up a very low weight becomes likened with magnificence, achievement, confidence, and discretion. It isn't viewed as an issue by the victim. Jane Ovington †Chrysalis North2A †Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 2 of 9Contrary to mainstream thinking this mental and state of being isn't typically about food. It is a pointless conduct utilized as a method of taking control and attempting to improve life and is joined by an assortment of changes in conduct, feelings, thinking, recognitions, and social cooperations. The name Anorexia nervosa is to some degree deceiving as it truly implies â€Å"nervous loss of hunger. † However, for individuals with this issue every single waking idea are ruled by food, weight, and self-perception and unbelievable degrees of restraint are utilized to battle sentiments of extraordinary yearning. http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa) Approximately 95% of those influenced by anorexia are female and frequently high school young ladies. Higher rate of anorexia is regularly found in conditions where slimness is esteemed to be particularly attractive or an expert prerequisite, for example, competitors, models, artists, and entertainers. So as to enter the territory of Anorexia Nervosa, an individual must get thinner. The dominant part set out to do so intentionally in light of the fact that appropriately or wrongly they feel that they are too fat.For the vast majority, slimming down to get more fit is a battle. Most calorie counters ‘cheat' or surrender before they lose all the weight which they had expected to shed and for the individuals who do arrive at their planned load there is a proportion of fulfillment and re-instruction of dietary patterns which permit them to keep up a sound weight. Interestingly, the prospective anorexic finds thinning simple, fulfilling and something they can be acceptable at from the beginning, something they can control which brings sentiments of progress, force and triumph.The feeling of fulfillment picked up from the concealment of appetite and the degree of forbearance required to be fruitful is much of the time r evealed by anorexic victims to be very enabling thus here we perceive how compelling this conduct might be seen by the victim as an adapting procedure. Jane Ovington †Chrysalis North2A †Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 3 of 9 My own understanding of this condition was one that emerged when my closest companion passed on at 17 years old. I knew for a long time preceding her passing that demise would in all likelihood be the result of her condition. I felt ‘out of control’ there was nothing I could do to change the course of events.The one thing I could control anyway was what went into my mouth. This gave me a soothing feeling of assuming responsibility for something. Something I ended up being acceptable at, something I could concentrate on to make the various wild emotions die down. When these sentiments emerge, a dread of losing control keeps the victim from continuing ordinary dietary patterns. Their experience is overwhelmed by these ‘feel nice sentiments' of control and force yet it is seen by the victim to be problematic and helpless and thusly undermined by any conduct that may cause undesirable weight gain.The victims distraction with keeping up this new postition starts to contort every single other intrigue, concerns and connections. Now and again the present position is rarely enough and weight reduction advances until it becomes perilous. Much of the time it appears that the anorexic begins with comparable conduct and comparative goal to the normal slimmer yet something turns out badly and the thinning conduct is improperly drawn out (My own understanding). Amusingly, while Anorexia begins as a sentiment of taking control, it quickly plummets into a dread of losing the control the victim sees themselves to have taken.All the while the condition is really controlling the victim. While the media unquestionably assumes a job by they way we see ourselves, anorexia is a method of adapting to what’s going on in a teenâ€℠¢s life. Stress, torment, outrage, acknowledgment, disarray and dread would all be able to become triggers for this weakening dietary problem. The objective is one of attempting to improve as long as they can remember. Families can assume a gigantic job. A few families are over defensive and covering which can make a need or rather an interest for autonomy. Jane Ovington †Chrysalis North2A †Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 4 of 9Some families are disparaging of weight increase, scholastic or donning achievements or are inflexible and even injurious. Some more youthful individuals don't have a sense of security in their own homes, they don’t realize where to go or what to do and the need to figure out how to manage what’s going on in their lives. Life changes, for example, a separation, a separation, passing of a friend or family member, disappointment at school or at work are for the most part distressing occurrences that should be managed. Hereditary components ca n likewise have its impact in contributing †anorexia in high school young ladies happens multiple times all the more frequently in individuals who have family members with the confusion. Anorexia †a manual for victims and their families R. L Palmer 1980). My own Mother was terribly overweight at the hour of my condition and I saw her as somebody who was totally crazy with no regard for herself. This was an extremely negative view, one which I was unable to find in myself at the opposite finish of the range! Impacts on families and companions For guardians and other people who are near an individual who is caught inside the state of anorexia, there can appear as though there will never be a way out. It is hard for them to comprehend and sympathize with reckless behaviours.It turns out to be extrememly troubling to see a friend or family member dying while denying offers of food which appear to be such a tantalizingly basic answer for the issue. Sentiments of helplesness and blame set in, alongside dissatisfaction, outrage and gloom. (Statement from my Mum from 1991). My Mother set about censuring my ‘ridiculous behaviour’ in an offer to panic me into eating this just served to make me progressively resolved to enable myself with what had abandoned pointless conduct into foolish conduct and eventually framed a reckless conduct in my Mother. Jane Ovington †Chrysalis North2A †Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 5 of 9Treatment being ‘cured’ of Anorexia by the victim is generally totally unfortunate since what that ‘cure’ suggests is that they will eat more food, put on more weight and become fat, the very thing they are attempting to keep away from! Along these lines, Anorexia must be recognized as an issue by the victim before powerful treatment can occur. Traditionaly the turmoil is treated with a mix of individual psychotherapy and family treatment to look past the fundamental issue of food admission and address the intense subject matters that support the confusion utilizing a psychodynamic approach. Significant moral considerationsIt is significant for specialists to consider that Anorexia Nervosa, despite the fact that begins as a pointless conduct, it’s outcomes lead to numerous genuine ailments which can extend from lack of healthy sustenance, loss of focus and loss of periods to add up to organ disappointment and demise. Consequently a specialist ought to never expect to treat the condition alone, however any mental intercession to treat the hidden causes should happen close by suitable clinical consideration. Any advisors working with an anorexic customer would consistently require composed clinical assent and authority oversight and ought to be knowledgeable about this field of work.However, individuals from the victims family and dear companions may likewise profit by treatment to address any pressure, nervousness and blame encompassing the issue and without some other cont raindications, clinical assent for this gathering would not be important. The psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach will see the customers conduct as being gotten from some inside clash, thought process or oblivious power. When it is found where this contention started the specialist can begin working through those issues to a goals. Jane Ovington †Chr

Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty (1) Conceptual: The thoughts of representationalism and antirepresentationalism are presented and utilized in contemporary philosophical conversations by Richard Rorty to depict his and the neopragmatists' mentality toward conventional issues of epistemology. Rorty implies that the historical backdrop of reasoning shows that there are no last responses to the customary inquiries regarding information, truth, and portrayal; therefore, they ought to be dismissed. Rorty figures such inquiries ought to be dispensed with from reasoning since there is no likelihood to get outside of our brain and language. We can't utter a word about a brain otherworldly or language-extraordinary, nonlocal or interminable reality. Hilary Putnam concurs with Rorty on this, yet not with the end that we should dismiss customary philosophical inquiries. For Putnam, the epistemological inquiries are beneficial posing and, in spite of the fact that we can't locate the last right answers, we should proceed with our e xaminations as though there were last answers. Our battles with those issues can prompt refinements of the definitions and to subjective turns of events. Putnam proposes a semi authenticity which is frequently called interior authenticity. Rorty dismisses each refinement of authenticity as still authenticity and accepts that the inquiries of information, truth, and portrayal lead to relapses ceaselessly or to roundabout thinking. Most likely not many logicians affected so conclusively the improvement of epistemology as Kant. Without him it is absurd to expect to portray the last 200 years of the historical backdrop of theory just as contemporary way of thinking as a rule. On the other stopping point one of the most compelling contemporary American logicians Richard Rorty suggests that we should forsake epistemology and Kantian image of portrayal. In this paper I suggest the conversation starter, regardless of whether Rorty is thorougly succesful in his abandomnent. I attempt to examine the distinctions and likenesses of Kantian and Rortyan thinking with the assistance of the epistemological idea of representationalism and of the antiepistemological thought of antirepresentationalism. On the off chance that it is conceivable to discover essential covering regions of both intuition, at that point there emerges a situation: either Kant himself is a Rortyan, postepistemological scholar, and this would be a surpri zing new thought regarding Kantian way of thinking or Rorty succeeds not totally to conquer the structures of Kantian-epistemological reasoning. The ideas representationalism and antirepresentationalism are presented and utilized in contemporary philosophical conversations by Richard Rorty, to portray his and the neopragmatists disposition towards customary issues of epistemology and to make safe the world for a postepistemological thinking. Rorty implies, the historical backdrop of theory appeared, that there are no last responses to the conventional inquiries concerning information, truth and portrayal; (2) thus they ought to be dismissed.

Theoretical Framework And Research Design Research Methodology Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Research Methodology A formal and well-defined research methodology is very much crucial to the success of a research study. Most researchers understand that the quality of sampling and subsequent responses plays an integral role in determining the accuracy of the conclusions formed. The study undertaken will require a great deal of information to be extracted from the accounting professionals, thus requiring a great deal of personal and business communication techniques to be used wisely. Furthermore, the research purpose and objectives have to be aligned with the research methodology so that the study remains within the specified regulations (Kumar, 2008). This chapter will discuss in detail the theoretical basis and guidelines for this research and describe the research study design covering analysis methodologies, sampling size, sampling methodology, data collection methodologies and analysis guidelines. It also presents the methods of validity and reliability analysis of the data collected. Research Design Research designs are of different types and they depend on the type of research method chosen. Research designs can be experimental, quasi or non-quasi designs (William Donnelly, 2006). Experimental designs are the most rigorous designs of all with strong internal validity. But this type of research design only works for one variable at a time although linking this design with other designs can provide more accurate results (William Donnelly, 2006). Quasi experiments consider different groups for experiments with easy implementation. However, keeping the problem statement and the research questions in view for this research, none of the above-mentioned experimental designs will be used. Selecting an appropriate framework is essential in identifying the research concepts. The research design will be a non-experiment type research because the research is not an experiment about the firms employment in Egypt but rather is a descriptive research that will take into account a review o f literature backed by a small survey. No experiments are necessary to evaluate a cause and affect relation because the independent variables acting upon the dependent variable is a matter of different behavioral theories and perceptions of different individuals. In descriptive research, the accurate picture of the phenomenon will highlight the areas that need improvements in this type of research , and the analysis of will develop a better framework that manipulate the study (Kumar, 2008). The purpose of this research is to gather data from Egyptian accounting professionals and develop a conclusion on four different aspects of their accounting practices that are suggested to be affected by cultural factors native to the Egyptian society. This research will be exploratory and will be aimed at gathering facts and opinions to make an assertion and a suggestion. The objective of this research is not to make definitive or exhaustive conclusions because the problem has not been resear ched upon earlier. The study is geared towards describing the general characteristics of the influence of cultural factors on accounting practices of a large population. Thus, a viable approach in conducting this study would be define a sampling strategy and accordingly select a sample that would reflect the characteristics of the population as accurately as possible (Taylor, 2006). This design will certainly reach the desired goals in that the participants would be employees in financial sector and other related departments. Research Analysis For the purpose of this research, qualitative as well as quantitative research methods will be used. Mixed method research is appropriate for determining scalable findings while still getting an in-depth look at the data. Mixed methods are a design form of methodological triangulation (Creswell, 2009). An integrated research approach captures qualitative researchsÂÂ  descriptive richness andÂÂ  quantitative precision measurement (Singh, 2007). Mixed methods may be used effectively in a wide range of studies where trends need to be identified within the general population by using a large number of participants, while also incorporating their subjective views through numerical assessment of their subjective responses. The significance of the using both the research methods together can provide more accurate findings and results that can be used to make the recommendation that is one of the purposes of the research. Using only one research method cannot give an in-depth analysis of the research topic. Qualitative data can only provide a review of literature that is although very thorough but cannot be used to gain insight in the minds of people and their perceptions (Creswell, 2003). Quantitative data, on the other hand, addresses this problem, but alone it cannot provide a strong background for the research (Goddard Melville, 2004).Therefore, a combination of both the methods that is a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods will be used to carry out this research. The role and impact of cultural factors on financial reporting and compliance with IFRS of firms in Egypt can be analyzed by using quantitative and qualitative research. Qualitative and quantitative methods are important for this research. According to Sale, Lohfeld and Brazil (2002) qualitative research can be used to collect primary data or a firsthand knowledge on the research topic. Although qualitative research can take time to collect this information, qualitative data is usually very accurate. On the other hand, quantitative research method takes into account the secondary data resources such as review of academic journals, articles, books, newspapers, and Internet. This research can provide a deeper understanding of the topic and can be used to analyze the for and against arguments. The combination of both the research methods can help accomplish a more valid and genuine research conclusion. Research Methodology The research method of a study is a blueprint and plan undertaken to acquire information to complete the research. This research is exploratory because of its nature to define the research problem in an intuitive approach rather than supporting previous research material published on the subject. The research study will comprise of two stages: Stage 1: the respondents will be subjected to a questionnaire comprising of 12 questions, 3 per segment being tested. All the respondents will be asked to mark their opinions on a Likert scale (1-5) with the meaning of each question depending on the context and stance of the question itself. It is possible that two questions with equally opposite scores (1 and 5) may convey one meaning and vice versa. Stage 2: Once stage 1 has been completed, the responses from the questionnaire administration stage will be tallied and a bunch of 100 respondents will be selected randomly, irrespective of their responses. These will be subjected to a sem i-structured interview where a set of ten different questions will be administered to them, gauging their opinions and rectifying their answers in stage 1. The objective here would be to cross-match their responses and to identify any biases or hindrances restricting a comprehensive answer in print. There would be informal discussions in this stage which would form the interpretative portions of the research conclusions. Quantitative methodology Quantitative studies are limited to specific, pre-determined variables. A study should begin with clearly defined questions with the intent of generating statistically significant answers. Edmunson and McManus (2007) have noted that quantitative research begins with testing one or more specific, theoretical hypotheses with a random and representative selection of research participants. Quantitative research is appropriate for this research because it can be used to gain an insight into the attitudes, behaviors and aspirations of the Egyptian firms towards accounting practices. For this purpose, a questionnaire will be a central part of the research (Singh, 2007). Qualitative methodology Qualitative research methods are appropriate for this research as qualitative research will involve an account of different scholars views and ideas as well as reasons for the high rate of employment of Egyptian firms in financial sector. For this purpose, secondary methods of data collection such as case studies and literature from the journals, periodicals, articles will be taken into consideration (William Donnelly, 2006). In addition to this, Internet search will retrieve the latest reports regarding the literature review, and a survey questionnaire will be distributed to provide up to date information. Such an extensive amount of research is necessary to take into account the past and present information on the industry so that the evaluation of future can be objective and not subjective (Sale, Lohfeld Brazil, 2002). Population The population consists of all Egyptian accountants and reporting professionals across various industries. Every industry comprises of accounting and financial reporting functions, thus the population for this study would comprise of all accounting and reporting professionals across all industries in Egypt. However, Egypt as a country, has a large population of organizations scattered across its capital, Cairo, Alexandria, Giza, Luxor and Port Said. The geographical distribution of the population is large and it would not be a viable study if the entire population of Egypt were to be considered as a population for the study then the sampling strategy would have to ensure that there are selections from all of these cities. Thus, for the purpose of simplicity, and assuming an average distribution of the population across all the cities, we will define the population of this study to comprise of accounting and financial reporting professionals in Cairo. The underlying supporting argu ment to narrow down the population would be the fact that Cairo is an appropriate reflection of the entire Egyptian population of accountants and financial reporters and that the research outcome would not be significantly affected by this decision. Sampling Strategy The sampling strategy will be based upon the general principles of research governing an exploratory study. The sample will be selected using a stratified random sampling technique. This is to ensure that all groups and industries of Egyptian accountants are represented equally in the research. Furthermore, to increase the efficiency and reliability of this research, the sampling will include all the industries in Egypt banking, financial services, FMCGs, services, malls, importers, exporters, manufacturing concerns and charities in their proportions in Cairo. The sample will consist of 150 different organizations, where each organization must provide a minimum of one accountant as part of the survey, and can also provide as many as five different accounting professionals to act as respondents for this research. Therefore, the minimum number of respondents for this survey will be 150 while the potential maximum respondents can be 750. However, we would expect an average of 300 respondents to be part of the survey. It is true that a higher sample size would be more accurate and would reflect the characteristics of the population more closely, however, there needs to be made a balance between the objectivity of the research and the costs associated in dealing with so many responses. The sample will be restricted to 300 responses in the first stage of the study. For the second stage, a handful pick of 100 respondents will be selected from the questionnaire respondents and be made part of the second stage of the research. Once again, the objective is to balance the objectivity and the resources allocated for the research wisely. The respondents will not be discriminated on age, gender or seniority in the organization. This is because the main idea behind conducting the survey is to know why firms enter the financial sector. The responses from the respondents of other sectors will be analyzed to know their perception about the employment in the financial s ector. The respondents have a complete overview and the implications of the seriousness of the survey so that an objective answer is obtained. The respondents are given full surety about the confidentiality of their responses and the information is not shared with anyone except for the research purposes (Taylor, 2006). Accomplishment of Study Goals The proposed research method and the research design is the best choice for the accomplishment of the proposed research goals and objectives. This is because, this research design and method will cover every aspect of the topic and its variables using a simple but in-depth descriptive analysis of the firms in Cairo. The most important part of the research is the review of different literature available so that a comprehension literature is available to answer the research questions and findings of the survey can validate it. The findings are generalized to entire firms population in Egypt. Data Collection Data collection refers to the sources used for collection of data that depend on the type of research method chosen (Kothari, 2006). For instance, qualitative data collection will take into account the numeric data of the past and present whereas cross sectional data collection method will consider the data across different regions in a particular time frame (Saunders et al., 2006). Most researches focus on the primary and secondary information collection for data analysis. Primary information will consist of questionnaires from the firms in financial sector. Secondary research will consist of literature review based on academic journals, books, articles, and Internet search (William Donnelly, 2006). Methodological approach and design is a framework that binds a research together so that the research questions can be analyzed effectively. The reasons and future of the Egyptian firms employment in financial sector can be analyzed by using two most commonly research methods toget her known as qualitative method and quantitative method. This will be done to ensure a strong and authenticate research so that it can become a basis for future researches. The research design consists of questionnaire and literature review. The literature review comprises of academic journals, articles, books and reports related to the role of cultural factors and their influence on accounting and financial reporting in Egypt and in particular employment in the financial sector. The aim and purpose behind the collection of such an extensive data is to gain knowledge on the employment environment for firms and how it is shaping their career choices. Further, the objective of the research is not to form a definitive conclusion on the subject but rather provide suggestions and assertions that can either be affirmed or denounced by further researchers (William Donnelly, 2006). Data Collection Techniques For the purpose of literature review, the data collection will consist of pe riodicals, journals, articles, newspapers, books and, Internet for the last five years. Consideration of all these sources of secondary information is necessary because each source contains different type of information and literature to complete this research (William Donnelly, 2006). Because secondary research includes all these techniques of data collection, no other techniques is necessary. These techniques can provide the trends and changes in the employment world in Egypt and particularly in the financial industry. To provide more ground to the literature review findings, primary research will use questionnaire that is closed end survey so that verification of variables under study is done. The need to reduce bias and errors in data collection is necessary and thus care has to be taken when conducting the research. The data collection techniques should be independent of each other and any contrasting research material should not be hidden as a result of confirmation bias. Further, over-confidence bias should be eradicated to the largest extent possible by reducing a possible conclusion right at the beginning of the study and keeping all options for conclusions open till the end (Kothari, 2008). Data Collection The collection of data relating to the employment environment in the Middle Eastern countries is necessary that narrows down to Egypt and firms employment public financial sector in the country. The data collection will focus on all the industries existing in Cairo but on a pro-rate basis to ensure a fair reflection of the population in the sample. The data collection will be done in stage 1 by administering the questionnaire through email and by following up with the organizations to fill in their responses. The second stage would involve focus group sessions covering the respondents in a facilitating manner in groups of ten to incorporate a healthy dialogue. Instruments Different researches use different data collection instruments. The survey questionnaire is the most useful in terms of serving the purpose of this dissertation because it allows the collection of subjective participant attitudes in a numerical format through the use of a Likert style questionnaire. The questionnaire is a favored tool of many of those engaged in research, and it can often provide a cheap and effective way of collecting data in a structured and manageable form (Edmondson McManus, 2008). The purpose of the survey questionnaire that will be used is to collect data to measure the dependent variable, firms employment and the independent variables such as job empowerment, job security, society attitudes, and career choices. Time frame is limited for this study and thus it does not allow an elaborate process of collection of interview data with a large participant sample and subsequent qualitative analysis of the data (Kothari, 2008). Research Objectives Null Hypot hesis: Egyptian accountants are more likely to value statutory control. The effect of cultural factors affecting four accounting facets statutory control, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy on accounting practices. There is nothing called perfect data. However, what makes the extraction of information from data so tedious a process? Empirical Research Statistical Tools and Profilers Research Parameters Primary Research and First-hand data collection: Stage I: Questionnaire administered to 300 respondents. Stage II: Interviews of 100 respondents. IFRS accounting rules and regulations Literature Review Secondary Research: Books, journal articles, internet unpublished researches. Diagram 1: Conceptual Model Hypothesis 1 Research Objectives Null Hypothesis: Egyptian accountants are more likely to value uniformity. The effect of cultural factors affecting four accounting facets statutory control, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy on accounting practices. There is nothing called perfect data. However, what makes the extraction of information from data so tedious a process? Empirical Research Statistical Tools and Profilers Research Parameters Primary Research and First-hand data collection: Stage I: Questionnaire administered to 300 respondents. Stage II: Interviews of 100 respondents. IFRS accounting rules and regulations Literature Review Secondary Research: Books, journal articles, internet unpublished researches. Diagram 2: Conceptual Model Hypothesis 2 Research Objectives Null Hypothesis: Egyptian accountants are more likely to value conservatism. The effect of cultural factors affecting four accounting facets statutory control, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy on accounting practices. There is nothing called perfect data. However, what makes the extraction of information from data so tedious a process? Empirical Research Statistical Tools and Prof ilers Research Parameters Primary Research and First-hand data collection: Stage I: Questionnaire administered to 300 respondents. Stage II: Interviews of 100 respondents. IFRS accounting rules and regulations Literature Review Secondary Research: Books, journal articles, internet unpublished researches. Diagram 3: Conceptual Model Hypothesis 3 Research Objectives Null Hypothesis: Egyptian accountants are more likely to value secrecy. The effect of cultural factors affecting four accounting facets statutory control, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy on accounting practices. There is nothing called perfect data. However, what makes the extraction of information from data so tedious a process? Empirical Research Statistical Tools and Profilers Research Parameters Primary Research and First-hand data collection: Stage I: Questionnaire administered to 300 respondents. Stage II: Interviews of 100 respondents. IFRS accounting rules and regulations Literature Review Secondary Research: Books, journal articles, internet unpublished researches. Diagram 4: Conceptual Model Hypothesis 4

Smart people Nerds or Not - 1214 Words

Stereotypes and misconceptions are just false presumptions of groups. Misconceptions are just wrong ideals of groups that have been formed because of a lack of information on a group or been told false information about the group from the individuals who are biased of the group. While stereotypes are false presumptions of groups formed because of a small percentages in the groups who are extremely ideal and fit the stereotypical views said of the group. Many of the individuals of the groups are most likely enraged that the mass of the public believe these stereotypes just because of these handful of stereotypical extremists. However, many in today’s society unconsciously stereotype many groups on a daily basis because of the lack of†¦show more content†¦In Tannen’s article she states â€Å"Anthropologist Elinor Keenan, for example, found that in a Malagasy-speaking village on the island of Madagascar, it is women who are direct and men who are indirect. And th e villagers see the men’s indirect way of speaking, using metaphors and proverbs, as the better way. For them, indirectness, like the men who use it, has high status.(9)† This shows that indirectness is not a show powerless or a showing of lower rank. Just because of these misconceptions not only are women’s style of speaking misunderstood but so are many others groups. If society ever truly wishes for everyone to understand one another and to start accepting each other then society must find a way to get rid of all stereotypes and misconceptions that are now present and prevent anymore from forming. A group that has been stereotype for years is that smart or intellectual people are suppose to be unattractive, social outcast nerds who love reading about superheros and are into sci fi which can no longer be said is true. This can no longer be said as true because many of the smartest people in school and society now do not come even come close to fitting the stereotype of smart people been nerds. Most people think of smart people as been like the nerds seen on tv. This means that many think of smart people as wearing thick glasses with tape in the middle, having braces, sever acne, wearing pocket protectors, having one’s pants highly lifted, and been physically unfitShow MoreRelatedAnti Intellectualism : Why We Hate Smart Kids1316 Words   |  6 Pages Anti-Intellectuals What is the first thing people think of when they hear the â€Å"smart† kid talks about his accomplishments? Those smart kids get called a nerd and automatically have to deal negative things all because society itself thinks it is okay to do so. In â€Å"Anti-Intellectualism: Why We Hate Smart Kids†, Grant Penrod explains why anti-intellectualism exist. People will remember what the anti-intellectuals do but not so much the intellectuals. Society envy those who are smarter than themRead MoreAn Analysis Of Hidden Intellectualism By Gerald Graff901 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals think that solely the geeks or the nerds  can have academic success, and are completely forgetting that some students hidden intellectualism is found not in book smart but rather street smart, suggesting that teacher should tap into students hidden intellectualism so that it can no longer be hidden. Intellectualism   is the theory that knowledge comes from pure reasoning and   it is a word often associated with academics. Most often people think intellectualism can only be achieved throughRead MoreEssay about The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, by Juinot Diaz1648 Words   |  7 Pages When you see someone characterize someone else as a nerd, what do you generally think about this person, what if this same person is characterized as a geek? Most people generally hold a negative connotation with one of these titles, some see it as the geek and some see it as the nerds. Oscar De Leon and Yunior from Juinot Diaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao can be classified as members of either of these groups in some ways. There are ways that they fit in and ways that they don’t butRead MoreHighschool Stereotypes Essay687 Words   |  3 Pagespreps, the nerds, and the emos. I will help you classify which is which and understand the difference so that you can dete rmine whether you want to fit in with these groups, or go your own way. The first main stereotype is the preps. They will usually be well talked about and you will hear their names often. They dress nice in expensive clothing, are usually wealthy and are sometimes in sports like football or cheerleading. This stereotype is usually filled with good-looking people and these typesRead MoreGraduation Speech : School Dress Codes790 Words   |  4 Pagessay students should only be allowed to wear pants. Pants keep students from being distracted by knees and calves and more focused on their assignments. â€Å"Tops should have a minimum of 3 inch wide straps on the shoulder.† The administration is very smart to not allow students to show their shoulders because it could get out of hand quickly. Students might get the wrong ideas from one another if their shoulders are exposed. If females came to school with even a hint of exposed shoulders it could makeRead MoreCompletely Changing Life in Jake Reinvented by Gordon Korman629 Words   |  3 Pagesabout ch anging your life completely? I am going to talk about a book that show a kid that try to change his life and try to hide his past for his new friends The name of this book is Jake Reinvented. One of the main themes in Jake Reinvented is some people will do anything to keep there past behind them even if that means to change yourself into something you thought you would never be. These paper is going to how this is the theme of Jake Reinvented and show that this is one of the main themes in JakeRead MoreEssay on Labeling Theory578 Words   |  3 Pages The Labeling Theory is the view that labels people are given affect their own and others’ perception of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity. Labels can be positive and/or negative, but I’ll focus on the negative aspects of labeling in high school. Everybody has a label in high school whether it is the â€Å"slut†, â€Å"pothead†, â€Å"freak† or the â€Å"jock†; it is one of the most apparent time periods in which individuals get labeled. Students have the mentality that whateverRead MoreThe Breakfas t Club Analysis923 Words   |  4 Pagesand Andrew Clark. Allison was the girl who during a majority of the film was reserved, and socially awkward. John Bender was the guy who was very rebellious, did drugs, and did not care about authority. Claire Standish was the girl who was preppy, smart, and opinionated. Brian Johnson was the guy who was extremely nerdy and also somewhat socially awkward. Lastly, Andrew Clark was the jock who could be a bit arrogant but was a clear thinker and kind hearted deep down. Each of the students canRead MoreAn Insider Of The Subculture Know Hip Hop923 Words   |  4 PagesNow, to you he may seem like a short nerd with no life (lol) but, not true. I mean, he is a nerd, but a handsome vibrant nerd that loves to have fun At the age of eleven Mr. Smith started listening to hip-hop music after purchasing his first silver CD player. One of his first CD’s was Eve second album Scorpion followed by engaging with other artists like Biggie, Nelly, Missy Elliot, Busta Rhymes, and Ja Rule. The interview process didn’t start out how most people would expect. Quin is an energeticRead MoreAnti-Intellectualism : Why We Hate The Smart Kids By Grant Penrod Summary1088 Words   |  5 Pageshow uneducated celebrities are not setting a good example for future kids to get an education. Many intelligent kids are being overlooked because of the stigma of being a â€Å"nerd,† as well as the fact that anti-intellectualism is becoming more popular. A man, author Grant Penrod, wrote â€Å"Anti-Intellectualism: Why We Hate the Smart Kids,† with an intended purpose of arguing about this topic on how intelligent kids are being overlooked and the rise of anti-intellectualism. This is ultimately ineffective

Essay On Tennessee Labor Laws - 1147 Words

Tennessee Labor Laws: Everything You Need to Know Tennessee labor laws provide that the minimum wage in the State of Tennessee is $7.25 an hour. If employees receive tips as part of their compensation, employers can pay the employee a lower minimum wage so long as the employee makes up for the difference in tips. A typical position in which an employee receives tip is a waiter/waitress position in a restaurant. With regard to overtime payment, employers must pay non-exempt employees 1.5 times more than the hourly rate for those working more than 40 hours/week. However, not all employees are eligible for overtime pay, particularly exempt employees, i.e. those receiving a yearly salary. Some types of employees exempt from the overtime rules†¦show more content†¦However, in order to waive their right to a meal break, a form much be filled out in which the employee agrees and signs indicating his or her full understanding of the waiver. Extended Time Off The State of Tennessee has several provisions on different types of leave, including vacation, sick time, holidays, jury duty, and bereavement. Vacation days Tennessee labor laws do not require employers to give employees vacation benefits, paid or unpaid. If such vacation days are provided to employees, this information must be stated in the company’s policy, including on the company’s internal employee website, employee handbook, and employees’ contracts. However, if an employee leaves the company, it is up to the employer to determine whether or not to pay the employee for unused vacation days. Sick days. While Tennessee employers can choose whether to provide sick leave benefits to their employees, they may be required to provide unpaid sick leave if the conditions fall under the federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). This federal law provides that employers with at least 50 employees provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid time off to employees who qualify. Such qualifications can include a serious medical condition of the employee or an immediate family member, a birth/adoption of a child, and other few qualifying circumstances. Such leave cannot affect the employee’s position with theShow MoreRelatedEmployment at Will: A Deeper Look into the Copious Benefits Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagespriceless when presented with an unfair employment scenario. In the case of an employer and employee relationship, too much power on either side can quickly become detrimental. Balancing this power is no easy task and holds no single solution. In this essay, I will propose tha t the contract at will, or employment at will, is one viable solution that can legitimately benefit both the employer and the employee. My view on this issue is one that is often the minority, as there has been a significant amountRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1279 Words   |  6 Pagesdetails you need to know to answer New Deal-related multiple choice questions and essays with ease! Let’s get started. What exactly is the New Deal? The New Deal was a set of domestic programs set in motion by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between1933 and 1938. The goals of the program were relief, recovery, and reform, and with these goals in mind, FDR set out to help the poor and needy, improve the economy, and pass laws to stop unemployment, alleviate poverty, and prevent a repeat depression. Read MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction Periods1118 Words   |  5 PagesReconstruction period consisted of the formation of the Ku Klux Klan and the black code laws. Despite the fact that African American’s were no longer slaves, in many ways they were still not free. Furthermore, the creation of things such as the Ku Klux Klan and the black codes created high tension between the black and white races, a tension that can be argued is still present in modern day America. This essay will examine the aspects of how the post Civil War and Reconstruction period was a failureRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : The Removal Of The Indians1631 Words   |  7 Pagesjustified the Indian Removal was that the United States was moving the Cherokees for their own sake. Lewis Cass, a supporter of the Indian Removal and a governor of Michigan territory, wrote an essay titled â€Å"Removal of the Indians† in January 1830, only eight years before the Trail of Tears. In this essay he speaks of why the Indians should be removed. One of the things he says is,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦From an early period,[the Cherokees’] rapid declension and ultimate extinction were foreseen and lamented†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He goesRead MoreDo Drug Tests Violate Employees’ Rights to Privacy?1654 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay contained is an investigation, discussed and, which is within scope of this essay, in the provision of answers to this question Do drugs tests violate employees’ right to privacy?’ The answers are given by the presentation and the analyzing different views evident in literature so as to build an argumentative case against or in support of, lastly drawing the conclusions set. This is made possible concentrating on a scope which considers the ethics existent in normative theories. ItRead MoreHow White Americans Are Still Reaping Benefits Today833 Words   |  4 Pages This country is known for two horrific acts against mankind, the inhumane trea tment of the American Indians and the enslavement of African-Americans. Both groups are still affected today and this essay will look at how White Americans are still reaping benefits today. 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Those who considered themselves traditional Americans, committed to traditional ways of life, launched a cultural war against those who presented a threat to it. There were many common themes that connected the three essays, â€Å"Sacco and Vanzetti†, â€Å"The Scopes Trial and the American Character†, and â€Å"Rural-Urban Conflict in the 1920’s†. Together they present an accurate interpretation of the Roaring Twenties. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The case of Sacco and VanzettiRead MorePresident Donald Trump : A New President Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesOn January 20th, the nation will inaugurate a new president. What event, issue, fact, development or trend from American history between 1865 and 1990 would you want the president to know? Write an essay in which you explain why your choice is critical knowledge for the country’s new leader. Be sure to support your thesis with historical evidence. 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Leadership Style and Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a Literature Review on Leadership of the 21st Century. Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to the act of leading a group of individuals for the fulfilment of common goals with the same objectives and determination, commonly within an organisation. It is the act of getting others do something in a manner in which the leader wants it to be (Kuratko 2007). As pointed out by Chhokar, Brodbeck and House (2013), Leadership is the process of establishing a focused vision, sharing the vision with the members and providing them with knowledge and guidance for the fulfilment of the vision. They need to have the ability to inspire others to outperform the competitors after considering challenging goals. The 21st century has witnessed a drastic shift in the trends of leadership as applied to almost all domains across the globe. Leaders in the 21st century consider changes brought about in the traditional leadership styles for the benefit of all as a result of changes in the economy and globalisation. A new generation of leaders is making a mark on the global platform with innovative ideas and focus on sustainable superior power (Wilson 2017). The present paper is a critical literature review of 21st-century leadership. The aim of the review is to provide a summary, comparison and evaluation of the research topic. The paper discusses core competencies for leadership and the differences with traditional leadership capabilities. The factors for change in 21st-century leadership and challenges facing 21st-century leaders are after that reflected upon. The meaning of leadership in management and the concept of leadership theory as foud to be changing with time is also highlighted in the paper. The paper provides key ideas from existing literature. A logical conclusion is put forward at the end of the paper. Core competencies for leadership in 21st Century As opined by Uslu, Bubul and Cubuk (2015), leadership approaches in the 21st century adopt a democratic, inclusive and transformational view of the management. The employees are constantly pushed to exert control over the tasks they do and get notified of the issues and challenges faced on a regular basis. Leaders of the 21st Century encourage the followers to put forward suggestions and proposals about how their own capabilities and knowledge can be used for better performance. This form of leadership is primarily transformational leadership style. Leaders provide the followers with the chance to create innovative and alternative ways to solve the existing issues. Transactional leaders might adopt a systematic and impartial reward and punishment scheme for resolving the conflicts. On the contrary, present day leaders provide more space for action and more freedom. Leaders of the modern world support the commitment and empowerment of the followers to a deeper extent. Jayashree and Sa dri (2016) reported that the new leadership style of the 21st century considers a combination of novel ideas and ethics as a skill mix for leading from the front. Future and present corporate leaders tend to act ethically, and there is a consistency in this regard. In addition, the leaders are dependable and are normally found in the deontological mode. Ruwhiu and Elkin (2016) highlighted that a leader in the 21st century adapts the character of corporate management and upholds commitments so that there are no chances of questioning his credibility. A healthy tension is often maintained between change and tradition. Ahmad (2015) stated that leaders in the 21st century are expected to stir the transformation in which the system can be made relevant and dynamic for overall functioning. Further, international leadership is been widely exhibited in the global stage. Leader roles also cover the engagement in intense dialogue with followers. OConnell (2014) put forward a simplified framework for 21t century leaders development. As per the author, the five beliefs that 21st century leaders consider are reverence, learning, authenticity, flaneur and service. These constructs are the schemas that leaders refer to as guideline principles prior to adapting new learning, gaining new experiences and facing new levels of complexity. The difference with the traditional leadership style is that in contrast to the concept of leadership prevalent in older times, present day leaders follow strict principles for changing their course of work life. With different definitions of management and organisational power taking shape, it has been apparent that the leaders in the 21st century have an increased understanding of the significance of strong actions taken in collaboration with the managers at all levels for establishing sustainable competitive advantages as the key base for profitable growth of the organisation. Leadership has shown a gradual shift towards the managerial way of performing tasks since these methods have been found to be more effective in gaining increased output (Ayranci and Ayranci 2015). Deinert (2015) bring into focus that transformational leadership is widely accepted at present times for addressing issues applicable in the changing, modern, and uncertain work environment. Its success has therefore been heightened recently. Factors of change for 21st Century leadership According to Kuratko (2007), it can be pointed out that the increased pressure to outperform the rising number of competitors in a globalised market has driven new leaders to approach managerial styles for achievement of organisational objectives. The key message circulating across the different spheres of the modern world is that continuous innovation in terms of processes and technologies and competitive approach in the global market determines the performance in the twenty-first century. Changed leadership style is necessary for leaders to flourish and prosper. Leaders need to create innovative ideas and constantly encourage the followers towards a changed perspective. Changes in leadership style are necessary for the same. According to Uslu, Bubul and Cubuk (2015), the widespread augmentation in the utilisation of different communication channels and the information age with easy access to information has brought about different leadership requirements. Ayub, Manaf and Hamzah (20 14) pinpointed that effective leadership in the 21st century is adjudged by the effectiveness and mode of communication. Transitional changes have occurred in how leaders communicate with the followers. With the progress of people and time, leadership concept has also changed for adjusting with the latest trends witnessed in human relationships. Bedrule-Grigoruta (2012) gave insight into the fact that the constant demand of exerting a more flexible and dynamic leadership has brought about changes in leadership style. For multiple multi-faceted reasons, leaders have taken up distinct features from different theories and models of leadership and integrated them together to suit the needs of the organisations for achieving sustainability. In a similar context, Walker and Walker (2011) has to say that project leadership needs to adapt to fulfil the needs of the 21st century if it wants to remain appropriate and significant. The 21st-century world has witnessed drastic changes from the past century with global financial crisis becoming a source of the changes. Against the background of generational changes, it is now time to consider changes brought about in leadership. Hit, Haynes and Serpa (2010) has been found to state that globalisation is to be blamed for what has happened to the global scenario of leadership. After examining the competitive landscape of the 21st century, it is to be expected that strategic leaders would change how they act. Since they required to communicate and develop a new vision, built up core competencies and put the focus of utilisation of human capitals, they brought about changes in their leadership style. Titu, Raulea and Titu (2015) argue that maintenance of organisational culture demands evolving leadership styles and management in ethical practices. Implementing balanced control between conventional and modern leadership style is pivotal. In words of Anderson (2016) employees of present world are more individualistic. The previous theory of transformational leadership is not successful in preparing managers. Inspirational motivation is less appealing at times, and employees at present have different cognitions about leadership than previous generations. All these are factors for a leadership change. Challenges facing 21st century leadership 21ST century leaders are faced by many challenges due to extremely harsh and constantly changing markets. Currently, business leaders are struggling to keep up with changes in latest technological advancements and reliance on conservative approach has made it even more difficult for them embrace the new change in business market. To survive the challenges of the 21st century, leaders have no choice but to evolve in business (Yukl and Mahsud, 2010). The review of research evidence related to challenges for modern leaders indicates that leaders face challenges in creating an innovation culture in organization. Oke et al. (2009) mentions that certain skill set are necessary for leaders to promote employees innovative behavior in organization. De Jong and Den Hartog (2007) investigated about the types of leadership behavior that can promote individual innovation. On evaluation of leadership behavior according to the transformation leadership, participative leadership and leader member exchange theory, transformational leadership was hypothesized to encourage creativity. However, the challenges for modern leader arise because positive linkage between delegation and idea generation is not found. For instance, granting employees freedom and autonomy is necessary to facilitate innovation process and this helps employee to explore and challenge ideas for innovation (McLaughlin et al. (2008). Therefore, the article was useful in giving t he recommendation that 21st century leaders need to create a balance between stimulating innovative behavior and maintaining efficiency in business. The weakness of the literature is that there is lack of clarity regarding ideal behavior needed by leaders to innovate (De Jong and Den Hartog 2007). Therefore, future work in this area may determine how leaders can adapt to stimulate innovative behavior in organization. The main challenges for global organizations in the 21st century are the lack of leadership skill to fulfill modern demands of business. The creativity theory suggests that people are more likely to generate innovative ideas when working environment facilitates knowledge sharing and problem solving process. Some of the core challenges for leadership in the 21st century includes diversity management and goal oriented performance (Barak 2016). The research study by Meeussen et al. (2014) gives insight into challenges faced by leaders in managing diverse workforce. Currently, workplace consists of people from different cultural background. However, diversity has negatively affected leaders role in group functioning. The study gave the evidence that culturally diverse workforce perform better under transformational leaders who exploit full potential of each member. The weakness of the study is that the study has not confirmed whether such leadership styles can affect performance of minor ity members or not. Due to this vagueness, it is apparent that leaders lack of multiculturalism in leaders will lead to relationship conflict in teamwork (Tekleab and Quigley 2014). Therefore, from the review of this article, it can be referred performance of minority groups can be enhanced only when leaders recognize cultural difference as a strength for the organization. To overcome this challenges in leading, self-leadership strategies holds promise in maximizing the organizational capacity. Some of the main values that leaders can encourage to respond to changing business market includes encouraging employees to challenge status quo, sharing knowledge, focusing on continuous learning process, having a open attitude towards risk taking, being self-reflective and practice participatory management (DiLiello and Houghton 2006). Transition of the leadership theory overtime Uhl-Bien et al. (2007) highlighted about how leadership models and theories has evolved with passing century. For instance, leadership model of twentieth century was useful for physical production process, however these models now stands obsolete in todays knowledge oriented economy. It suggested that current leadership must have a dynamic characteristic from which adaptive outcome of learning, innovation and adaptability emerges. The study gave the recommendation that currently leaders should have combination of roles such as adaptive, enabling and administrative leadership role to efficiently manage complex business environment. The strength of the article was that it brought to the forefront limitation of current leadership theory and proposed the complexity leadership theory as a new tool that enables leaders to learn, create and innovate. This theory has the potential to fit recent trends towards performance management and accountability in business environment. Adaption of the core elements of this theory would help leaders to maintain innovativeness of a firm (Boyatzis 2008; Landy and Conte 2016). Meaning of leadership in management in the 21st century The old hierarchical model of business is obsolete in 21st century environment because of volatile, uncertain and ambiguous competitions in business. In such environment, the meaning of leadership has changed and success in business is dependent on leadership through network of people. As organizations in the 21st century are constantly growing and innovating, greater level of decision making and delegation is seen at all levels. Hence, currently leaders are giving more responsibilities to junior employees. This has implications for leadership and management development (Thomson 2013). The current issue for business organization is that majority of leaders lack understanding regarding the new role in leading in current business situation. The article by Prandin et al. (2012) is influential in addressing this aspect as it gives insight into the responsible management education for 21st century leadership. This was based on the principles of Responsible Management Education, which can give students the necessary skills to provide sustainable value to business. The study also proposed that values of global social responsibility, effective learning process, development of sustainable social and economic value and dialogue with consumers and media can teach future aspirants who aim to be a leader. The main strength of this article is that the knowledge framework is a step ahead toward developing sustainable corporate responsibility of leaders and this approach can easily foster critical thinking and problem solving skills in students so that they learn to solve new dile mmas in leadership. Relationship between gender and leadership in the 21st century Another remarkable change in the 21st century is the presence of proportionally higher number of women leaders in business organization. In the past century, leadership was regarded as domain reserved for males. However, the as society and people have now become very competitive and broadminded, skilful women leaders has been fully embraced by the world. The Fortune 500 Executive Officer list is an indication of growth of men as leaders (Glass et al. 2016). Despite this evidence, the debate and arguments regarding the effectiveness of men leaders compared to women continues (Glass et al. 2016). The study by Paustian-Underdahl et al. (2014) is very important in relation to this argument as it gives a meta-analysis of the gender differences in the perceptions of leadership effectiveness in 99 countries. The review of findings related to perceptions in all the countries suggest skill of women and men does not differ in terms of perceived leadership effectiveness. However, these results were obtained for all leadership content. When other contexts were evaluated, women were rated as more effective in leading compared to men. In addition, the self-ratings data showed that men rated themselves greater in leadership effectiveness than women rated themselves. Although the study is important as it contributes to the debate of gender advantages in leadership, it also has certain limitations. This includes second order sampling error due to inclusion of large number of studies. Another weakness was that some studies examined leaders, whereas other examined educational setting. This li mits the reliability of the result. Conclusion The critical review of literature related to 21st century leadership gave insight into the change in leadership style and management requirement in the current situation of changing business environment. The critical review on the topic gave insight into the core competencies needed for 21st century leadership and how far current leaders are equipped with these skills. Secondly, the literature review also gave rise to the theme of factors leading to change in 21st century leadership, challenges facing leaders, evolution of leadership theory overtime and narrowing of gender gap in leadership. Therefore, the inference from this review is that leadership is no longer restricted by gender in the 21st century and educational development can be improved by embracing curriculum related to current skills for 21st century leadership References Ahmad, H., 2015. 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